Cadmium toxicity reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through iron addition during primary reaction of photosynthesis.
Identifieur interne : 000076 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000075; suivant : 000077Cadmium toxicity reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through iron addition during primary reaction of photosynthesis.
Auteurs : Houjun Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Lei Yang [République populaire de Chine] ; Na Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Chongjun Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Huan Feng [États-Unis] ; Jinfeng Yang [République populaire de Chine] ; Xiaori Han [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Ecotoxicology and environmental safety [ 1090-2414 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Antioxydants (métabolisme), Biomasse (MeSH), Cadmium (toxicité), Chlorophylle (métabolisme), Fer (pharmacologie), Oryza (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Oryza (métabolisme), Photosynthèse (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Polluants du sol (toxicité), Transport d'électrons (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques).
- MESH :
- effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques : Oryza, Photosynthèse, Transport d'électrons.
- métabolisme : Antioxydants, Chlorophylle, Oryza.
- pharmacologie : Fer.
- toxicité : Cadmium, Polluants du sol.
- Biomasse.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , metabolism : Antioxidants, Chlorophyll.
- chemical , pharmacology : Iron.
- chemical , toxicity : Cadmium, Soil Pollutants.
- drug effects : Electron Transport, Oryza, Photosynthesis.
- metabolism : Oryza.
- Biomass.
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution is a worldwide concern due to its biotoxicity. Because Cd and Fe are closely associated during plant photosynthesis, this study aims at investigating the mechanism governing Cd toxicity during photosynthetic primary reaction in rice by adjusting Fe concentration. The results show that moderate Fe concentration (1.0 g kg-1) added to soil can increase the stomatal conductance (Gs) and SPAD value by stimulating the stomatal opening and chlorophyll synthesis. Moderate Fe concentration can also improve the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) to keep the high reaction center activity and electronic transfer efficiency in photosystems I and II. Thus, moderate Fe can eliminate Cd-induced decrease in Gs, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) as well as the disorder of antioxidative system under Cd concentration of 2.0 mg kg-1 in the soil. When its application is increased to 2.0 g kg-1, Fe can notably decrease Pn, and result in remarkable decrease in the biomass of shoots and grains. Decrease in Pn can be mainly attributed to high Fe concentration which can greatly destroy chloroplast structure and, meanwhile, inhibit the electron transfer between acceptor and donator in photosynthetic chain especially from quinone A (QA) to quinone B (QB). Unlike the situation under moderate Fe concentration, the high Fe application cannot mitigate the Cd-induced decrease in photosynthetic index. Our results indicate that the moderate Fe application is necessary to promote rice performance and production and, in the meantime, to inhibit Cd toxicity in the extensively polluted soils.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110746
PubMed: 32450439
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
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Electronic address: liuhoujun_0@syau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>110866</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Lei" sort="Yang, Lei" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Lei" last="Yang">Lei Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>110866</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Na" sort="Li, Na" uniqKey="Li N" first="Na" last="Li">Na Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>110866</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Chongjun" sort="Zhou, Chongjun" uniqKey="Zhou C" first="Chongjun" last="Zhou">Chongjun Zhou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>110866</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, Huan" sort="Feng, Huan" uniqKey="Feng H" first="Huan" last="Feng">Huan Feng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>07043</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Jinfeng" sort="Yang, Jinfeng" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jinfeng" last="Yang">Jinfeng Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China. Electronic address: yangjinfeng7672@syau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>110866</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Xiaori" sort="Han, Xiaori" uniqKey="Han X" first="Xiaori" last="Han">Xiaori Han</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China. Electronic address: hanxiaori@syau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>110866</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</title><idno type="eISSN">1090-2414</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Antioxidants (metabolism)</term><term>Biomass (MeSH)</term><term>Cadmium (toxicity)</term><term>Chlorophyll (metabolism)</term><term>Electron Transport (drug effects)</term><term>Iron (pharmacology)</term><term>Oryza (drug effects)</term><term>Oryza (metabolism)</term><term>Photosynthesis (drug effects)</term><term>Soil Pollutants (toxicity)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antioxydants (métabolisme)</term><term>Biomasse (MeSH)</term><term>Cadmium (toxicité)</term><term>Chlorophylle (métabolisme)</term><term>Fer (pharmacologie)</term><term>Oryza (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Oryza (métabolisme)</term><term>Photosynthèse (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Polluants du sol (toxicité)</term><term>Transport d'électrons (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Antioxidants</term><term>Chlorophyll</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Iron</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="toxicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Cadmium</term><term>Soil Pollutants</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Electron Transport</term><term>Oryza</term><term>Photosynthesis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Oryza</term><term>Photosynthèse</term><term>Transport d'électrons</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Oryza</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antioxydants</term><term>Chlorophylle</term><term>Oryza</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Fer</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="toxicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cadmium</term><term>Polluants du sol</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Biomass</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Biomasse</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Cadmium (Cd) pollution is a worldwide concern due to its biotoxicity. Because Cd and Fe are closely associated during plant photosynthesis, this study aims at investigating the mechanism governing Cd toxicity during photosynthetic primary reaction in rice by adjusting Fe concentration. The results show that moderate Fe concentration (1.0 g kg<sup>-1</sup>) added to soil can increase the stomatal conductance (Gs) and SPAD value by stimulating the stomatal opening and chlorophyll synthesis. Moderate Fe concentration can also improve the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) to keep the high reaction center activity and electronic transfer efficiency in photosystems I and II. Thus, moderate Fe can eliminate Cd-induced decrease in Gs, intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (Ci) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) as well as the disorder of antioxidative system under Cd concentration of 2.0 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> in the soil. When its application is increased to 2.0 g kg<sup>-1</sup>, Fe can notably decrease Pn, and result in remarkable decrease in the biomass of shoots and grains. Decrease in Pn can be mainly attributed to high Fe concentration which can greatly destroy chloroplast structure and, meanwhile, inhibit the electron transfer between acceptor and donator in photosynthetic chain especially from quinone A (Q<sub>A</sub>) to quinone B (Q<sub>B</sub>). Unlike the situation under moderate Fe concentration, the high Fe application cannot mitigate the Cd-induced decrease in photosynthetic index. Our results indicate that the moderate Fe application is necessary to promote rice performance and production and, in the meantime, to inhibit Cd toxicity in the extensively polluted soils.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32450439</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>23</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>23</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1090-2414</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>200</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Sep</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Ecotoxicology and environmental safety</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Ecotoxicol Environ Saf</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Cadmium toxicity reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through iron addition during primary reaction of photosynthesis.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>110746</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0147-6513(20)30585-6</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110746</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Cadmium (Cd) pollution is a worldwide concern due to its biotoxicity. Because Cd and Fe are closely associated during plant photosynthesis, this study aims at investigating the mechanism governing Cd toxicity during photosynthetic primary reaction in rice by adjusting Fe concentration. The results show that moderate Fe concentration (1.0 g kg<sup>-1</sup>) added to soil can increase the stomatal conductance (Gs) and SPAD value by stimulating the stomatal opening and chlorophyll synthesis. Moderate Fe concentration can also improve the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) to keep the high reaction center activity and electronic transfer efficiency in photosystems I and II. Thus, moderate Fe can eliminate Cd-induced decrease in Gs, intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (Ci) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) as well as the disorder of antioxidative system under Cd concentration of 2.0 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> in the soil. When its application is increased to 2.0 g kg<sup>-1</sup>, Fe can notably decrease Pn, and result in remarkable decrease in the biomass of shoots and grains. Decrease in Pn can be mainly attributed to high Fe concentration which can greatly destroy chloroplast structure and, meanwhile, inhibit the electron transfer between acceptor and donator in photosynthetic chain especially from quinone A (Q<sub>A</sub>) to quinone B (Q<sub>B</sub>). Unlike the situation under moderate Fe concentration, the high Fe application cannot mitigate the Cd-induced decrease in photosynthetic index. Our results indicate that the moderate Fe application is necessary to promote rice performance and production and, in the meantime, to inhibit Cd toxicity in the extensively polluted soils.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Houjun</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China. Electronic address: liuhoujun_0@syau.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Lei</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Na</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhou</LastName><ForeName>Chongjun</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Feng</LastName><ForeName>Huan</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Jinfeng</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China. Electronic address: yangjinfeng7672@syau.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Han</LastName><ForeName>Xiaori</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China. Electronic address: hanxiaori@syau.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>22</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Ecotoxicol Environ Saf</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7805381</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0147-6513</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000975">Antioxidants</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D012989">Soil Pollutants</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>00BH33GNGH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002104">Cadmium</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>1406-65-1</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002734">Chlorophyll</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>E1UOL152H7</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D007501">Iron</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000975" MajorTopicYN="N">Antioxidants</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018533" MajorTopicYN="N">Biomass</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002104" MajorTopicYN="N">Cadmium</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000633" MajorTopicYN="Y">toxicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002734" MajorTopicYN="N">Chlorophyll</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004579" MajorTopicYN="N">Electron Transport</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007501" MajorTopicYN="N">Iron</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012275" MajorTopicYN="N">Oryza</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010788" MajorTopicYN="N">Photosynthesis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012989" MajorTopicYN="N">Soil Pollutants</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000633" MajorTopicYN="Y">toxicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Cadmium</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Chlorophyll fluorescence</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Iron</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Photosynthesis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Photosynthetic primary reaction</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Rice</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Declaration of competing interest On behalf of my co-authors, I declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled, “Cadmium toxicity reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through iron addition during primary reaction of photosynthesis”.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>30</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32450439</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0147-6513(20)30585-6</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110746</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Liu, Houjun" sort="Liu, Houjun" uniqKey="Liu H" first="Houjun" last="Liu">Houjun Liu</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Han, Xiaori" sort="Han, Xiaori" uniqKey="Han X" first="Xiaori" last="Han">Xiaori Han</name><name sortKey="Li, Na" sort="Li, Na" uniqKey="Li N" first="Na" last="Li">Na Li</name><name sortKey="Yang, Jinfeng" sort="Yang, Jinfeng" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jinfeng" last="Yang">Jinfeng Yang</name><name sortKey="Yang, Lei" sort="Yang, Lei" uniqKey="Yang L" first="Lei" last="Yang">Lei Yang</name><name sortKey="Zhou, Chongjun" sort="Zhou, Chongjun" uniqKey="Zhou C" first="Chongjun" last="Zhou">Chongjun Zhou</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Feng, Huan" sort="Feng, Huan" uniqKey="Feng H" first="Huan" last="Feng">Huan Feng</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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